Basic Civil Engineering 1st Edition

Basic Civil Engineering is designed to enrich the preliminary conceptual knowledge about civil engineering to the students of non-civil branches of engineering. The coverage includes materials for construction, building construction, basic surveying.

Table of contents :
Cover
Contents
Preface
About the Author
Part I: Materials for Construction
Chapter 1: Stones
1.1 Sources of Stones
1.2 Classification of Rocks
1.2.1 Geological classification
1.2.2 Chemical classification
1.2.3 Physical classification
1.2.4 Practical classification
1.3 Dressing of Stones
1.3.1 Types of dressing
1.4 Properties of Good Stone
1.5 Common Building Stones in India
Review Questions
Chapter 2: Sand
2.1 Natural Sources of Sand
2.1.1 Pit sand
2.1.2 River sand
2.1.3 Sea sand
2.2 Classification of Sand
2.1.1 Pit sand
2.1.2 River sand
2.1.3 Sea sand
2.3 Bulking of Sand
2.4 Properties of Good Sand
2.4.1 Functions of sand in mortar
2.4.2 Substitutes for sand
Review Questions
Chapter 3: Lime
3.1 Sources of Lime
3.2 Classification of Lime
3.2.1 Fat lime
3.2.2 Hydraulic lime
3.2.3 Poor lime
3.3 Calcination of Lime in Clamps and Kilns
3.3.1 Calcination
3.4 Slaking of Lime
3.4.1 Tank slaking
3.4.2 Platform slaking
3.5 Comparison Between Fat Lime and Hydraulic Lime
3.6 Uses of Lime
Review Questions
Chapter 4: Cement
4.1 Properties of Cement
4.2 Ingredients of Cement
4.2.1 Harmful constituents of cement
4.3 Setting Time of Cement
4.3.1 Initial setting time – procedure
4.3.2 Final setting time – rocedure
4.4 Manufacture of Cement
4.4.1 Wet process
4.4.2 Dry process
4.5 Different Types of Cement and Uses
4.6 Different Grades of Cement
4.7 Storage of Cement
Review Questions
Chapter 5: Bricks
5.1 Composition of Good Brick Earth
5.2 Manufacture of Bricks
5.2.1 Selection and preparation of clay
5.2.2 Moulding
5.2.3 Drying
5.2.4 Burning
5.3 Size and Weight of Bricks
5.4 Qualities of a Good Brick
5.5 Falg Bricks
5.6 Fly Ash Bricks
Review Questions
Chapter 6: Tiles
6.1 Different Types of Tiles
6.1.1 Drain tiles
6.1.2 Flooring tiles
6.1.3 Roofing tiles
6.1.4 Encaustic tiles
6.2 Characteristics of a Good Tile
6.3 Porcelain Glazed Tiles
Review Questions
Chapter 7: Timber
7.1 Classifications of Trees
7.1.1 Endogenous
7.1.2 Exogenous
7.2 Structure of a Tree
7.2.1 Macrostructure
7.2.2 Microstructure
7.3 Qualities of Good Timber
7.4 Seasoning of Timber
7.4.1 Methods of seasoning
7.5 Common Timbers Used for Building Work
7.6 Types of Plywood and Their Uses
7.7 Veneers
7.8 Particle Board
Review Questions
Chapter 8: Steel
8.1 Uses of Steel in Building Works
8.2 Steel as a Reinforcement in Concrete
8.3 Market Forms of Steel
8.3.1 Angle sections
8.3.2 Channel sections
8.3.3 Corrugated sheets
8.3.4 Expanded metal
8.3.5 Flat bars
8.3.6 I-sections
8.3.7 Plates
8.3.8 Ribbed-torsteel bars
8.3.9 Round bars
8.3.10 Square bars
8.3.11 T-section
Review Questions
Chapter 9: Aluminium
9.1 Manufacture
9.1.1 Purification of the ore to produce alumina (Al2 O3 )
9.1.2 Reduction of alumina by electrolysis
9.2 Properties of Aluminium
9.3 Uses
9.4 Aluminium as a Building Material
Review Questions
Chapter 10: Paints and Varnishes
10.1 Characteristics of an Ideal Paint
10.2 Ingredients of Paint
10.2.1 Base
10.2.2 Vehicles
10.2.3 Driers
10.2.4 Colouring pigments
10.2.5 Solvents
10.3 Types of Paints
10.4 Uses of Paint
10.5 Varnish
10.6 Ingredients of Varnish
10.7 Characteristics of Ideal Varnishes
10.8 Types of Varnishes
Review Questions
Chapter 11: Miscellaneous Building Materials
11.1 Glass
11.1.1 Properties of glass
11.1.2 Uses of glass as a building material
11.2 Rubber
11.3 PVC
11.4 Plaster of Paris
11.5 Damp Proofing Materials
11.5.1 Different types of damp proofing materials
11.6 Adhesives
11.6.1 Advantages of adhesives
11.6.2 Disadvantages of adhesives
11.7 Cost-Effective Materials
11.7.1 Flyash
11.7.2 Soil-cement blocks
11.7.3 Stabilized mud blocks
11.7.4 Stone blocks
11.7.5 Lime-based stone masonry blocks
11.7.6 Uses of lime
11.7.7 Concrete hollow blocks
11.7.8 Fibre reinforced concrete (FRC)
11.7.9 Sand lime bricks
11.7.10 Ferrocement
11.7.11 Fibre reinforced polymers (FRPs)
Review Questions
Part II: Building Construction
Chapter 12: Component Parts of a Building
12.1 Building Components and Their Basic Requirements
12.1.1 Foundation
12.1.2 Plinth
12.1.3 Walls and piers in superstructure
12.1.4 Floors
12.1.5 Doors and windows
12.1.6 Sills, lintels and weather shades
12.1.7 Roofs
12.1.8 Steps and stairs
12.1.9 Finishes for walls
12.2 Planning Regulations
12.2.1 Building line and control line
12.2.2 Built-up area
12.2.3 Open space requirements
12.2.4 Size of the rooms
12.2.5 Lighting and ventilation of rooms
Review Questions
Chapter 13: Foundation
13.1 Purpose of Providing a Foundation
13.2 Bearing Capacity of Soil
13.2.1 Bearing capacity of various types of soil
13.2.2 Methods for improving the bearing capacity of soil
13.3 Plate Load Test
13.3.1 Working principle
13.3.2 Test set-up
13.3.3 Testing procedure and observations
13.3.4 Limitations of plate load test
13.4 Various Types of Foundations with Sketches
13.4.1 Spread footing
13.4.2 Stepped footing
13.4.3 Isolated and combined footing
13.4.4 Mat or raft foundation
13.4.5 Pile foundation
13.4.6 Well foundations
Review Questions
Chapter 14: Mortar
14.1 Functions of Mortar in Building Works
14.2 Types of Mortars and Their Preparation
14.2.1 Lime mortars
14.2.2 Cement mortar
14.2.3 Gauged mortars
Review Questions
Chapter 15: Masonry Works
15.1 Definition of Terms
15.2 Stone Masonry
15.3 Classification of Stone Masonry
15.3.1 Rubble masonry
15.3.2 Ashlar masonry
15.3.3 Mortars used for stone masonry
15.3.4 Joints in stone masonry
15.4 Brick Masonry
15.5 Types of Brick Masonry
15.6 Bonds in Brick Masonry
15.6.1 Stretcher bond
15.6.2 Header bond
15.6.3 English bond
15.6.4 Flemish bond
15.6.5 Garden-wall bond
15.6.6 Dutch bond
15.6.7 Herringbone bond
15.6.8 Zigzag bond
15.6.9 Brick on edge bond
15.6.10 Facing bond
15.7 General Principles in Brick Masonry
Review Questions
Chapter 16: Concrete
16.1 Ingredients of Concrete and Their Functions
16.2 Proportion of Mix Used for Different Works
16.3 Fine Aggregate and Coarse Aggregate
16.3.1 Fine aggregate
16.3.2 Coarse aggregate
16.4 Significance of Sand in Concrete
16.5 Water–Cement Ratio
16.6 Properties of Concrete
16.6.1 Strength
16.6.2 Durability
16.6.3 Workability
16.7 Mixing of Concrete
16.7.1 Hand mixing
16.7.2 Machine mixing
16.8 Transporting and Placing of Concrete
16.9 Compaction of Concrete
16.9.1 Methods of compaction
16.10 Curing of Concrete
16.10.1 Water curing
16.10.2 Membrane curing
16.10.3 Application of heat
16.11 Formwork
16.11.1 Requirements of a good formwork
16.11.2 Steel formwork
16.11.3 Timber formwork
16.11.4 Failures of formwork
16.11.5 Formwork for columns
16.11.6 Formwork for walls
16.11.7 Stripping time of formwork
Review Questions
Chapter 17: Doors and Windows
17.1 Location of Doors and Windows
17.2 Doors
17.2.1 Swinging doors
17.2.2 Folding doors
17.2.3 Sliding doors
17.2.4 Rolling doors
17.2.5 Revolving doors
17.2.6 Collapsible doors
17.3 Windows
17.3.1 Fixed window
17.3.2 Double hung window
17.3.3 Horizontal sliding window
17.3.4 Casement window
17.3.5 Folding window
17.3.6 Pivoted window
17.3.7 Top - and bottom-hinged window
17.3.8 Projected window
17.3.9 Hopper window
17.4 Types of Doors
17.4.1 Battened and ledged door
17.4.2 Battened, ledged and braced door
17.4.3 Battened, ledged and framed door
17.4.4 Battened, ledged, framed and braced door
17.4.5 Framed and panelled door
17.4.6 Glazed or sash door
17.4.7 Flush door
17.4.8 Louvered door or ventilated door
17.4.9 Wire gauzed door
17.4.10 Collapsible steel door
17.4.11 Rolling steel shutter door
17.4.12 Revolving door
17.4.13 Side sliding door
17.5 Types of Windows
17.5.1 Casement window
17.5.2 Double hung window
17.5.3 Sash or glazed window
17.5.4 Louvered window
17.5.5 Metal window
17.5.6 Sliding window
17.5.7 Pivoted window
17.5.8 Bay window
17.5.9 Clere-story window
17.5.10 Corner window
17.5.11 Dormer window
17.5.12 Lantern light
17.5.13 Sky light
17.5.14 Circular window
17.6 Fixtures and Fastenings for Doors and Windows
Review Questions
Chapter 18: Roof
18.1 Technical Terms
18.2 Pitched Roof or Sloping Roof
18.2.1 Lean to roof
18.2.2 Couple roof
18.2.3 Couple close roof
18.2.4 Collar beam roof
18.2.5 Collar and tieroof
18.2.6 King post truss
18.2.7 Queen post truss
18.2.8 Mansard truss
18.2.9 Belfast roof trusses
18.2.10 Steel trusses
18.3 Flat Roofs
18.3.1 Advantages of flat roof
18.3.2 Disadvantages of flat roof
18.3.3 Types of flat roof
18.4 Shell Roof
18.5 Domes
18.6 Selection of Roof Covering Materials
18.7 Roof Covering Materials
18.7.1 Thatch covering
18.7.2 Shingles
18.7.3 Tiles
18.7.4 Asbestos cement sheets
18.7.5 Corrugated GI sheets
Review Questions
Chapter 19: Floors
19.1 Factors Affecting Selection of Floorings
19.2 Types of Floor
19.2.1 Basement or ground timber floor
19.2.2 Single joist timber floor
19.2.3 Double joist timber floor
19.2.5 Filler joist floor
19.2.6 Jack arch floor
19.2.7 Double flagstone floor
19.2.8 RCC floor
19.2.9 Flat slab floor
19.2.10 Hollow tiled ribbed floor
19.3 Floor Covering
19.3.1 Mud flooring
19.3.2 Brick floor covering
19.3.3 Stone floor covering
19.3.4 Concrete floor covering
19.3.5 Tiled floor covering
19.3.6 Wooden floor covering
19.3.7 Mosaic floor covering
19.3.8 Rubber floor covering
19.3.9 Linoleum floor covering
19.3.10 Glass floor covering
19.3.11 Magnesite floor covering
19.3.12 Plastic floor covering
19.3.13 Terrazzo floor covering
19.3.14 Marble and granite flooring
Review Questions
Chapter 20: Stairs
20.1 Requirements of a Good Stair
20.2 Types of Stairs
20.2.1 Straight stairs
20.2.2 Quarter turn stairs
20.2.3 Half turn stairs
20.2.4 Three quarter turn stairs
20.2.5 Circular stairs
20.2.6 Spiral stairs
20.2.7 Curved stairs
20.2.8 Geometrical stairs
20.2.9 Bifurcated stairs
20.3 Stairs of Different Materials
20.3.1 Stone stairs
20.3.2 Brick stairs
20.3.3 Wooden stairs
20.3.4 RCC stairs
Review Questions
Chapter 21: Plastering
21.1 Requirements of Good Plaster
21.1.1 Objective of plastering
21.2 Methods of Plastering
21.2.1 Lime plastering
21.2.2 Cement plastering
21.2.3 Mud plastering
Review Questions
Chapter 22: Painting
22.1 Types of Paints
22.2 Uses of Paint
22.2.1 Characteristics of a good paint
22.3 Painting of Different Surfaces
22.3.1 New woodwork
22.3.2 Repainting old woodwork
22.3.3 Painting new iron work and steel work
22.4 White Washing
22.4.1 Preparation of white wash
22.4.2 Preparation of surface
22.4.3 Application of white wash
22.5 Colour Washing
22.6 Distempering
22.6.1 Properties of distempers
22.6.2 Process of distempering
22.7 Tiling of Walls
Review Questions
Chapter 23: Damp Proofing
23.1 Sources of Dampness
23.1.1 Rising of moisture from the ground
23.1.2 Action of rainwater
23.1.3 Rain penetration from tops of walls
23.1.4 Condensation due to atmospheric moisture
23.1.5 Miscellaneous sources or causes
23.2 Effects of Dampness
23.3 Techniques and Methods of Damp Prevention
23.3.1 Prevention of dampness
23.4 Materials Used for Damp Proofing (DPC)
23.4.1 Hot bitumen or hot asphalt
23.4.2 Bituminous felts (6 mm thick sheet or asphaltic felt)
23.4.3 Sheets of lead, copper and aluminium (metal sheets)
23.4.4 Combination of sheets and bituminous felts
23.4.5 Mastic asphalt
23.4.6 Bricks
23.4.7 Stones
23.4.8 Cement concrete layers
23.4.9 Mortar
Review Questions
Chapter 24: Building Services
24.1 Air Conditioning
24.1.1 Principles of air conditioning
24.1.2 Purposes of air conditioning
24.1.3 Principle of comfort air conditioning
24.1.4 Systems of air conditioning
24.2 Fire Protection
24.2.1 Fire-resisting materials
24.2.2 Causes of fires and their prevention
24.2.3 Fire protection of buildings
24.3 Ventilation
24.3.1 Necessity of ventilation
24.3.2 Functional requirements of a ventilation system
24.4 Lifts and Escalators
24.4.1 Elevators or lifts
24.4.2 Ramps
24.4.3 Escalators
Review Questions
Chapter 25: Building Maintenance
25.1 Deterioration of Concrete
25.1.1 Design deficiency
25.1.2 Material deficiency
25.1.3 Construction deficiency
25.1.4 Environmental deficiency
25.1.5 Man-made deficiencies
25.1.6 Cracks in concrete
25.2 Deterioration in Masonry Works
25.3 Prevention of Cracks and Leaks
25.4 Repair of Cracks and Leaks
25.5 Cost-Effective Construction
25.5.1 Breakup cost for housing
25.5.2 Planning considerations for layout planning
25.5.3 Means and methods to achieve cost effectiveness in construction
25.5.4 Arrangement of spaces
25.5.5 Cost-ffective methods and techniques
25.6 Anti-Termite Treatments in Buildings
25.6.1 Termite proofing methods
Review Questions
Part III: Basic Surveying
Chapter 26: Chain Surveying and Modernization in Land Surveying
26.1 Chain Surveying
26.1.1 Basic principle of chain surveying
26.1.2 Skeleton framework for chain surveying
26.1.3 Terms used in chain surveying
26.1.4 Field work in chain survey
26.1.5 A survey chain
26.1.6 Folding and unfolding chain
26.1.7 Tapes
26.1.8 Marking station points on the ground in chain surveying
26.2 Introduction to Recent Advances in Surveying
26.2.1 Electronic distance meter (EDM)
26.2.2 Electronic total station
26.2.3 Global positioning system (GPS)
26.2.4 Automatic level
26.2.5 Digital level
26.2.6 Microptic theodolite
26.2.7 Electronic digital theodolite
26.2.8 Digital planimeter
Review Questions
Chapter 27: Levelling
27.1 Purpose of Levelling
27.2 Major Parts of Levelling Instrument
27.2.1 Telescope
27.2.2 External focusing telescope
27.2.4 Types of levelling instrument
27.2.5 Dumpy level
27.3 Levelling Staff
27.3.1 Self-reading staff
27.3.2 Target staff
27.3.3 Holding a staff for taking a reading
27.3.4 Relative merits of self-reading and target staff
27.3.5 Fundamental axes of levelling instrument
27.4 Technical Terms Used in Levelling
27.5 Levelling – Field Work
27.5.1 Adjustments of a level
27.5.2 Classification of levelling
27.6 Fly Levelling
27.6.1 Fly levelling procedure
27.7 Contour
27.7.1 Contour interval
27.8 Computing Reduced Levels Using Height of Collimation Method (HI Method)
27.9 Computing Reduced Level Using Rise and Fall Method
27.10 Theodolite
27.10.1 Classification of theodolites
27.10.2 Technical terms
27.10.3 Fundamental lines of a transit
27.10.4 Adjustments of a theodolite
27.10.5 Measurement of horizontal angles
27.10.6 Measurement of vertical angles
27.10.7 Measurement of vertical angle between two stations at different elevations
27.10.8 Sources of error in theodolite work
Review Questions
Part IV: Other Major Topics in Civil Engineering
Chapter 28: Environmental Engineering
28.1 The Concept of Environment
28.2 Environmental Engineering
28.3 Development of Environmental Engineering
28.4 Scope of Environmental Engineering
28.5 Environmental Impact Assessment and Mitigation
28.5.1 Water supply and treatment
28.5.2 Wastewater conveyance and treatment
28.5.3 Air quality management
28.6 Environmental Segments
28.7 The Natural Cycles of the Environment
28.8 The Water or Hydrological Cycle
28.9 Different Processes in Water Cycle
28.10 The Oxygen Cycle
28.11 The Nitrogen Cycle
28.12 The Phosphate Cycle
28.13 Ecosystem
28.14 Function and Biodiversity
28.15 The Study of Ecosystems
28.16 Ecosystem Ecology
28.17 Systems Ecology
Review Questions
Chapter 29: Geotechnical Engineering
29.1 Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering
29.2 The History of Geotechnical Engineering
29.3 Geotechnical Engineering Applications
29.4 Soil Mechanics
29.5 The Basic Characteristics of Soil
29.5.1 Sieve analysis
29.5.2 Effective stress
29.5.3 Total stress
29.5.4 Pore water pressure
29.5.5 Shear strength
29.5.6 Consolidation
29.5.7 Lateral earth pressure
29.5.8 Bearing capacity
29.5.9 Slope stability
29.5.10 Permeability and seepage
29.6 Soil Properties
29.7 Geotechnical Investigation
29.7.1 Soil sampling
29.7.2 Soil samplers
29.7.3 In-situ tests
29.7.4 Laboratory tests
29.8 Geophysical Exploration
29.9 Geosynthetics
Review Questions
Chapter 30: Transport, Traffic and Urban Engineering
30.1 Introduction
30.2 The Planning and Design Aspects of Transport Engineering
30.3 Different Modes of Transport
30.4 Highway Engineering
30.5 Rail Engineering
30.6 Port and Harbour Engineering
30.7 Airport Engineering
30.8 Traffic Engineering
30.9 Municipal or Urban Engineering
Review Questions
Chapter 31: Irrigation and Water Supply Engineering
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Benefits of Irrigation
31.3 Types of Irrigation
31.4 Dam and Weirs
31.5 History of Dams
31.6 Types of Dams
31.6.1 By size
31.6.2 By purpose
31.6.3 By structure
31.6.4 Cofferdams
31.6.5 Timber dams
31.6.6 Steel dams
31.7 Purposes for Construction of Dams
31.8 Identifying a Location for the Construction of a Dam
31.9 Impact Assessment
31.10 Human Social Impact
31.11 Economics
31.12 Weir
31.13 Functions of a Weir
31.14 Types of Weirs
Review Questions
Chapter 32: Computer-Aided Design (CAD)
32.1 Introduction
32.2 CAD Computers
32.3 Capability of CAD
32.4 Numerically Controlled Machines
32.5 AutoCAD
32.6 AutoCAD LT
32.7 AutoCAD Student Versions
32.8 Vertical Programs
32.9 Different Versions of AutoCAD
32.10 Design Web Format
32.11 Alternatives for DWF
32.12 DWG (Drawing) (File Extension is .DWG)
32.13 AutoCAD DXF (File Extension is .DXF)
32.14 File Structure of DXF
32.15 Software which Supports DXF
32.16 The Initial Graphics Exchange Specification (IGES)
32.17 Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE)
32.18 Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM)
32.19 Electronic Design Automation
32.20 Multidisciplinary Design Optimization
32.21 3D Computer Graphics Software
32.22 Popular Packages Used in 3D Modelling
32.23 Basic Commands in AutoCAD
32.24 The AutoCAD Interface
32.24.1 Utility commands

Details

Title	Basic Civil Engineering 1st Edition
Author	Satheesh Gopi (Author)
Language	English
ISBN	ISBN-13: 978-8131729885 ISBN-10: 8131729885
Size	6 MB
Download Method	Direct Download
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