Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 2nd Edition

Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 2e Presents the principles of soil mechanics and foundation engineering in a simplified yet logical manner that assumes no prior knowledge of the subject. It includes all the relevant content required for a sound background in the subject, reinforcing theoretical aspects with comprehensive practical applications.

Table of contents :
Cover......Page 1
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 18
1.1 Introduction......Page 20
1.2 Origin of Soils......Page 21
1.3.1 Physical Weathering......Page 22
1.4.1 Residual Soils......Page 23
1.4.2 Transported Soils......Page 24
1.4.3 Desiccated Soils......Page 25
1.5.3 Laterites and Lateritic Soils......Page 26
1.6.1 Solid Phase......Page 28
1.6.2 Liquid Phase......Page 29
1.7.2 Particle Shape......Page 30
1.8 Inter-Particle Forces......Page 31
1.9.1 Clay Minerals......Page 32
1.9.2 Framework Silicate Minerals......Page 34
1.11.1 Characteristics of Electrolytes......Page 35
1.11.2 Electrochemical Characteristics......Page 36
1.11.5 Characteristics of Heat......Page 37
1.12.1 Structure of Granular Soils......Page 38
1.12.2 Structure of Cohesive Soils......Page 39
Questions......Page 41
2.2 Three-Phase System......Page 44
2.2.2 Porosity (n)......Page 45
2.2.5 Specific Gravity of Soil Solids (G)......Page 46
2.2.6 Water Content (w) or Moisture Content......Page 47
2.2.7 Soil Densities......Page 48
2.2.8 Unit Weights......Page 50
2.2.9 Density Index (ID)......Page 51
2.3.2 Sedimentation Analysis......Page 53
2.3.3 Grain-Size Distribution Curves......Page 58
2.4.1 Atterberg Limits......Page 59
2.4.2 Activity of Clays......Page 63
Worked Examples......Page 64
Points to Remember......Page 78
Questions......Page 79
Exercise Problems......Page 80
3.2 Field Identification of Soils......Page 84
3.2.2 Fine-grained Soils......Page 85
3.3.2 Unified Soil Classification System......Page 86
3.3.3 Indian Soil Classification System......Page 89
3.3.5 Textural Soil Classification System......Page 92
Worked Examples......Page 94
Questions......Page 96
Exercise Problems......Page 97
4.2 Principles of Compaction......Page 100
4.4 Laboratory Compaction......Page 101
4.4.1 Standard Proctor Test......Page 102
4.5 Field Compaction and Equipment......Page 103
4.5.5 Grid Rollers......Page 104
4.5.7 Vibrating Plates......Page 105
4.6.2 Field Control......Page 106
4.7.2 Effect of Compactive Effort......Page 108
4.7.4 Effect of Method of Compaction......Page 109
4.8 Effect of Compaction on Soil Structure......Page 111
4.10 California Bearing Ratio Test......Page 112
Worked Examples......Page 113
Points to Remember......Page 118
Questions......Page 119
Exercise Problems......Page 120
5.2 Water Flow......Page 122
5.3 Darcy’s Law......Page 123
5.4 Range of Validity of Darcian Flow......Page 124
5.5.1 Constant Head Permeameter......Page 125
5.5.2 Falling Head Permeameter......Page 126
5.6 Field Permeability Tests......Page 127
5.6.1 Unconfined Flow Pumping Out Test......Page 128
5.6.2 Confined Flow Pumping Out Test......Page 130
5.7.1 Horizontal Flow......Page 131
5.7.2 Vertical Flow......Page 132
5.9.1 Soil Characteristics......Page 134
5.9.2 Pore Fluid Characteristics......Page 135
5.10 Surface Tension......Page 136
5.11 Capillary Phenomenon in Soils......Page 137
5.12 Shrinkage and Swelling of Soils......Page 139
Worked Examples......Page 140
Points to Remember......Page 150
Questions......Page 151
Exercise Problems......Page 152
6.2 Seepage Forces......Page 156
6.3 General Flow Equation......Page 158
6.4 Significance of Laplace Equation......Page 160
6.5.1 Properties......Page 161
6.5.2 Applications......Page 162
6.6.1 Boundary Conditions......Page 163
6.6.2 Construction Methods......Page 164
6.7 Anisotropic Soil Conditions......Page 168
6.8 Non-Homogeneous Soil Conditions......Page 171
6.9 Piping......Page 172
6.10 Design of Filters......Page 173
Worked Examples......Page 174
Points to Remember......Page 179
Questions......Page 180
Exercise Problems......Page 182
7.2 Stresses at a Point......Page 186
7.3 Mohr’s Circle......Page 188
7.4 Stress Paths......Page 189
7.5.1 Dry Soil......Page 190
7.5.2 Saturated Soil......Page 191
7.5.3 Partially Saturated Soil......Page 192
7.6 Geostatic Stresses......Page 194
7.6.3 Case 3 – Completely Submerged Soil withWater Table at Ground Surface......Page 195
7.6.4 Case 4 – Completely Saturated by Capacity Action AboveWater Table But No Flow......Page 197
7.7.1 Elastic Half-Space......Page 198
7.7.2 Elastic Properties of Soil......Page 199
7.7.3 Boussinesq’s Theory......Page 200
7.7.4 Pressure Distribution Diagrams......Page 203
7.7.5 Westergaard Equation......Page 204
7.7.6 Types of Surface Loads......Page 205
7.7.7 Contact Pressure......Page 216
7.7.8 Validity of Elastic Theory Application......Page 217
Points to Remember......Page 227
Questions......Page 228
Exercise Problems......Page 230
8.1 Introduction......Page 234
8.2 Rheological Models of Soils......Page 235
8.4 One-Dimensional Consolidation......Page 236
8.5 Consolidation Test......Page 238
8.6.2 Compression Index......Page 240
8.6.5 Degree of Consolidation......Page 241
8.7.1 Normally Consolidated Clay......Page 242
8.7.2 Over-consolidated Clay......Page 243
8.7.3 Under-consolidated Clay......Page 244
8.9.1 Terzaghi’s Theory of One-Dimensional Consolidation......Page 245
8.9.2 Time Factor......Page 248
8.9.3 Determination of Coefficient of Consolidation......Page 249
8.10 Secondary Compression......Page 252
8.11 Consolidation Settlement and its Rates......Page 253
8.11.1 Consolidation Settlement......Page 254
8.11.2 Construction Period Correction......Page 256
8.11.4 Predicting the Rate of Settlement......Page 257
8.12 Acceleration of Consolidation by Sand Drains......Page 258
8.13 Compressibility of Sands......Page 260
Worked Examples......Page 261
Points to Remember......Page 273
Questions......Page 274
Exercise Problems......Page 276
9.2 Stress–Strain Curve......Page 280
9.3 Mohr–Coulomb Failure Criterion......Page 281
9.4 Peak and Residual Shear Strengths......Page 282
9.5.1 Drainage Condition......Page 285
9.5.3 Direct Shear Test......Page 286
9.5.5 Triaxial Shear Test......Page 289
9.5.6 Unconfined Compression Test......Page 294
9.5.8 Choice of Rate of Deformation......Page 296
9.6 Field Measurement of Shear Strength......Page 297
9.6.1 Vane Shear Test......Page 298
9.6.2 Borehole Shear Device......Page 299
9.7.1 Undrained Strength......Page 300
9.7.2 Consolidated–Undrained Strength......Page 302
9.7.3 Strength in Terms of Effective Stresses......Page 304
9.8.1 Theory......Page 305
9.8.2 Measurement of Pore Pressure Coefficients......Page 308
9.9 Sensitivity of Cohesive Soils......Page 309
9.10 Thixotrophy of Clays......Page 310
9.11 Shear Strength of Granular Soils......Page 311
Worked Examples......Page 313
Points to Remember......Page 322
Questions......Page 323
Exercise Problems......Page 325
10.1 Introduction......Page 328
10.2 Test No.1: Preparation of Dry Soil Samples for Various Tests......Page 329
10.3 Test No.2: Specific Gravity of Soil Solids......Page 330
10.4 Test No.3: Water Content Determination by Oven-Drying Method......Page 333
10.5 Test No. 4: In-Place Dry Density of Soil by Core-Cutter Method......Page 334
10.6 Test No. 5: In-Place Dry Density of Soil by the Sand Replacement Method......Page 336
10.7 Test No.6: Grain-Size Distribution by Sieve Analysis......Page 339
10.8 Test No. 7: Grain-Size Distribution by Pipette Method......Page 341
10.9 Test No. 8: Grain-Size Distribution by the Hydrometer Method......Page 348
10.10 Test No. 9: Liquid Limit of Soil......Page 353
10.11 Test No. 10: Plastic Limit of Soil......Page 356
10.12 Test No. 11: Shrinkage Factors of Soil......Page 357
10.13 Test No. 12: Linear Shrinkage of Soil......Page 360
10.14 Test No. 13: Permeability Test......Page 361
10.15 Test No. 14: Free Swell Index of Soils......Page 365
10.16 Test No. 15: Moisture Content – Dry Density Relationship (Standard Proctor Compaction Test)......Page 366
10.17 Test No. 16: Density Index of Non-Cohesive Soils......Page 370
10.18 Test No. 17: Consolidation Test......Page 372
10.19 Test No. 18: Unconfined Compression Test......Page 378
10.20 Test No. 19: Direct Shear Test......Page 381
10.21 Test No. 20: Triaxial Shear Test......Page 384
10.22 Test No. 21: California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test......Page 392
Points to Remember......Page 398
Questions......Page 400
11.1 Introduction......Page 402
11.3 Earth Pressure at Rest......Page 403
11.4 Rankine’s States of Plastic Equilibrium......Page 405
11.5 Rankine’s Earth Pressure Theory......Page 408
11.5.1 Effect of Level Backfill Surface......Page 411
11.5.2 Effect of Surcharge Load on Backfill Surface......Page 412
11.5.3 Effect of Water Table on a Backfill......Page 414
11.5.5 Effect of c–φ Soils as Backfill......Page 416
11.6 Coulomb’s Earth Pressure Theory......Page 419
11.7 Culmann’s Graphical Method......Page 421
11.8 Poncelet’s Graphical Method......Page 423
11.9 Arching of Soils......Page 424
Worked Examples......Page 426
Points to Remember......Page 437
Questions......Page 438
Exercise Problems......Page 440
12.2 Gravity-Type Retaining Walls......Page 444
12.2.1 Proportioning Retaining Walls......Page 445
12.2.3 Stability Requirements......Page 446
12.2.4 Backfill Materials and Drainage......Page 448
12.2.5 Joints in Retaining Walls......Page 449
12.3 Sheet Pile Walls......Page 451
12.3.1 Cantilever Sheet Pile Walls......Page 452
12.3.2 Anchored Sheet Pile Walls......Page 458
12.4 Braced Excavations......Page 464
12.4.2 Failure of Braced Cuts......Page 466
12.4.3 Heave of the Bottom of a Clay Cut......Page 467
Worked Examples......Page 469
Points to Remember......Page 482
Questions......Page 483
Exercise Problems......Page 485
13.2 Causes of Slope Failures......Page 490
13.4.1 Basic Types of Landslides......Page 492
13.4.2 Multiple and Complex Slides......Page 493
13.4.3 Rates of Land Movement......Page 494
13.5 Factor of Safety......Page 495
13.7 Infinite and Finite Slopes......Page 497
13.8.1 Infinite Dry or Moist Cohesive Slope......Page 499
13.8.2 Infinite Cohesive Slopes with Seepage......Page 501
13.9.1 Planar Failure Surface......Page 502
13.9.2 Circular Failure Surfaces......Page 505
13.9.3 Non-circular Failure Surfaces......Page 517
13.10 Selection of Shear Strength Parameters and Stability Analysis......Page 519
13.11 Slope Protection Measures......Page 520
Worked Examples......Page 522
Points to Remember......Page 527
Questions......Page 528
Exercise Problems......Page 530
14.1 Introduction......Page 534
14.3 Modes of Shear Failure......Page 535
14.3.1 General Shear Failure......Page 536
14.3.3 Punching Shear Failure......Page 537
14.4 Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity Theory......Page 538
14.5 Foundation Pressures......Page 544
14.6.1 Foundations with Eccentric Loading......Page 545
14.6.2 Foundation Subjected to Inclined Load......Page 547
14.6.4 Foundations on Stratified Soil......Page 548
14.6.6 Foundations on Desiccated Soil......Page 549
14.6.7 Foundations on Rock......Page 550
14.7.1 Modified Bearing Capacity Formulae (IS: 6403, 1981)......Page 552
14.7.2 Skempton’s Bearing Capacity Theory......Page 553
14.7.3 Meyerhof’s Bearing Capacity Theory......Page 554
14.7.4 Brinch Hansen’s Bearing Capacity Theory......Page 556
14.8 Bearing Capacity of Soils from Building Code......Page 559
14.9 Permissible Settlements......Page 561
14.10 Allowable Bearing Pressure......Page 563
14.11.1 Bearing Capacity Based on Standard Penetration Test......Page 565
14.11.2 Bearing Capacity Based on Cone Penetration Test......Page 566
14.11.3 Bearing Capacity Based on Plate Load Test......Page 568
Worked Examples......Page 570
Questions......Page 580
Exercise Problems......Page 582
15.2 Design Criteria......Page 586
15.3.4 Mat Foundations or Footings......Page 587
15.4 Selection of the Type of Foundation......Page 589
15.5.2 Adjacent Structures......Page 590
15.7 Settlement of Shallow Foundations......Page 592
15.7.1 Immediate Settlement......Page 593
15.7.2 Consolidation Settlement......Page 598
15.7.3 Evaluation of Settlement from Field Tests......Page 599
15.8 Design Steps for a Shallow Foundation......Page 602
15.9 Proportionating Footing Size......Page 603
15.10.2 Trapezoidal Combined Footing......Page 604
15.10.3 Combined Strap Footing......Page 607
15.11.2 Bearing Capacity of Mat Foundations......Page 608
Worked Examples......Page 610
Questions......Page 614
Exercise Problems......Page 616
16.2.1 Material Composition......Page 618
16.2.3 Ground Effects......Page 621
16.2.4 Function as Foundation......Page 622
16.3 Pile-Driving Equipment......Page 624
16.4 Bearing Capacity of Single Pile......Page 626
16.4.1 Pile Capacity from Statical Methods for Driven Piles......Page 627
16.4.3 Pile Capacity from Pile-Driving Formulae......Page 631
16.4.4 Pile Capacity from Wave Equation......Page 633
16.4.6 Pile Capacity from Pile Load Test......Page 634
16.4.7 Negative Skin Friction......Page 636
16.5 Under-Reamed Piles......Page 637
16.6.1 Pile Group Capacity......Page 640
16.6.2 Pile Group in Filled Ground......Page 642
16.6.3 Pile Group Settlement......Page 644
16.7.1 Uplift of Single Pile......Page 645
16.8.1 Causes of Lateral Forces......Page 646
16.8.2 Short and Long Piles......Page 647
16.10 Pile Cap......Page 648
Worked Examples......Page 649
Questions......Page 655
Exercise Problems......Page 657
17.2.1 Uses......Page 660
17.2.3 Bearing Capacity of Drilled Piers......Page 661
17.2.4 Settlement of Drilled Piers......Page 664
17.2.5 Construction Procedures of Drilled Piers......Page 665
17.3.1 Uses......Page 669
17.3.4 Construction Procedure of Caissons......Page 670
17.4.1 Types of Wells......Page 674
17.4.3 Design of Wells......Page 675
17.4.4 Stability Analysis of Well Foundations (Approximate Solution)......Page 680
17.4.5 Stability Analysis of a Heavy Well......Page 682
17.4.6 Construction of Well Foundations......Page 684
17.4.7 Shifts and Tilts......Page 685
Points to Remember......Page 686
Questions......Page 687
Exercise Problems......Page 688
18.1 Introduction......Page 690
18.3 Types of Soil and Rock Samples......Page 691
18.4.1 Geophysical Methods......Page 692
18.5.2 Rotary Drilling......Page 696
18.6 Direct Methods of Sub-Surface Exploration......Page 698
18.6.2 Sample Disturbance......Page 699
18.6.3 Types of Samplers......Page 700
18.6.4 Accessible Explorations......Page 702
18.6.5 Undisturbed Sampling of Soils......Page 704
18.7.1 Standard Penetration Test (SPT)......Page 707
18.7.2 Cone Penetration Test (CPT)......Page 708
18.7.3 Vane Shear Test......Page 709
18.7.4 Groundwater Observations......Page 711
18.8 Recording of Field Data......Page 712
Points to Remember......Page 713
Questions......Page 714
Exercise Problems......Page 716
19.1 Introduction......Page 718
19.3 Surface Compaction......Page 719
19.4.1 Well-Point Systems......Page 720
19.4.2 Deep-Well Drainage......Page 721
19.4.4 De-watering by Electro-osmosis......Page 722
19.5.1 Vibro-Compaction......Page 724
19.5.2 Vibro-Displacement Compaction......Page 726
19.6.1 Pre-loading and Surcharge Fills......Page 731
19.6.2 Vertical Drains......Page 732
19.7 Grouting and Injection......Page 734
19.7.1 Suspension Grouts......Page 735
19.7.2 Solution Grouts......Page 737
19.8.2 Cement Stabilization......Page 738
19.9 Soil Reinforcement......Page 739
19.10.1 Geotextiles......Page 740
19.11.1 Thermal Methods......Page 743
19.11.4 Addition or Removal......Page 744
Questions......Page 745
Exercise Problems......Page 747
20.2 Types of Embankment Dams......Page 748
20.2.3 Zoned Type......Page 749
20.3.2 Casing......Page 750
20.3.4 Other Embankment Details......Page 751
20.4.1 Safety Against Over-Topping......Page 753
20.4.2 Control of Seepage and Pressure in Earth Dams......Page 754
20.4.3 Protection Against Free Passage of Water Through Dams......Page 763
20.4.4 Stability of Earth Dam Slopes......Page 764
20.4.5 Protection of Crest, Upstream, and Downstream Faces......Page 769
Worked Examples......Page 770
Points to Remember......Page 772
Questions......Page 773
Exercise Problems......Page 775
21.2 Earthquakes......Page 778
21.2.2 Magnitude......Page 779
21.4 Theory of Vibrations......Page 780
21.4.2 Free Vibration of a Spring–mass System......Page 781
21.4.3 Free Vibration with Viscous Damping......Page 782
21.4.4 Forced Vibrations with Viscous Damping......Page 783
21.5 Types of Machines and Machine Foundations......Page 785
21.6 Dynamic Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations......Page 786
21.7 Design Requirements......Page 787
21.8 Methods of Analysis for Block Foundation......Page 790
21.9 Liquefaction of Soils......Page 792
Points to Remember......Page 793
Questions......Page 794
22.2 Environmental Cycles......Page 796
22.3.1 Oxygen Cycle......Page 797
22.4.3 Acid Rain and Acid Drainage......Page 798
22.4.8 Soil Erosion......Page 799
22.6.1 Identification......Page 800
22.7 Applications......Page 801
Points to Remember......Page 802
Questions......Page 803
23.2 Index Properties of Rocks......Page 806
23.2.3 Permeability......Page 807
23.2.4 Strength......Page 809
23.2.5 Slaking and Durability......Page 810
23.2.6 Sonic Velocity......Page 811
23.3 Classification of Rocks......Page 812
23.4.2 Horizontal Stress......Page 816
23.4.3 Effective Stress in Rock Masses......Page 817
23.4.4 Measurement of In Situ Stresses......Page 818
23.5.2 Behaviour of Rocks in Uniaxial Compression......Page 819
23.5.3 Tensile Strength of Rocks......Page 822
23.5.4 Behaviour of Rocks in Triaxial Compression......Page 825
23.5.5 Failure Theory Applicable to Rocks......Page 826
23.5.6 Shear Strength of Rocks......Page 827
23.5.7 Elastic Properties of Rocks......Page 828
23.5.8 Hardness......Page 829
Points to Remember......Page 830
Questions......Page 831
Exercise Problems......Page 832
24.2 Components of Pavement......Page 834
24.4 Requirements of Pavement Components......Page 835
24.5.2 Embankment and Cutting......Page 836
24.6.1 Design Wheel Load......Page 837
24.6.2 Properties of Subgrade and Pavement Components......Page 838
24.7.1 Group Index Method......Page 839
24.7.2 California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Method......Page 840
24.7.3 Mc Leod Method......Page 842
24.7.4 Burmister’s Method......Page 845
24.8.1 Stresses in Concrete Pavements......Page 847
24.8.2 Westergaard’s Stress Equations......Page 848
24.8.3 Indian Road Congress (IRC) Formula (IRC 15, 1981)......Page 849
Worked Examples......Page 850
Points to Remember......Page 853
Questions......Page 854
Exercise Problems......Page 855
List of Symbols......Page 856
Bibliography......Page 862
Index......Page 876

Details

Title	Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 2nd Edition
Author	P. Purushothama Raj (Author)
Language	English
ISBN	B00I962Z3C
Size	11 MB
Download Method	Direct Download
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